Public Health Concern Within The United States Essay

2016 reports state that there has been a 4 percent increase of American adults suffering from mental illness (18.53 percent) when compared to 2015 (18.19 percent) (â€Å"2016 State of Mental Health in America - Adult Data†, MHA). Mental disorders have been a continuous public health concern within the United States, one of most chronic, disabling, costly, and recognizable being Schizophrenia. Contrary to popular belief, this mental disorder is rather common, an estimated 1.5 percent of the United States population being diagnosed within their lifetime (â€Å"What is Schizophrenia?†, SRF). Although treatment provided by specialty services may be highly effective, only 44 percent of Americans diagnosed seek treatment. In order to encourage that number to rise, the United States government needs to update the costs per treatment, increase the effectivity, and inform the population of the demands it deserves in order to achieve effective recoveries. Schizophrenia has be en defined as a biological disorder that affects an individual s emotional, behavioral, and cognitive abilities. Recent reports state that nearly half of all individuals diagnosed with serious mental illnesses have not seeked out treatment. Those who are mindful of their illness do not consider treatment for many reasons, including the fact that 20 percent of individuals feel that it is â€Å"too expensive† (â€Å"Schizophrenia Facts Statistics†). â€Å"The overall U.S. 2002 cost of schizophrenia... was estimated to be $62.7Show MoreRelatedComparing Public Vs Private Health Care Systems Essay1563 Words   |  7 PagesI address the question: ‘Health care is always an important topic of debate. Often this debate occurs in terms that compare public versus private health care systems. After showing how the public option is associated with welfare state liberalism and the private option with neo-conservatism, which option do you prefer and why?’, and I ar gue that a public health care system reflects a stronger more stable country. In regards to health care, there can be two ideologies that can be linked to each otherRead MoreHat 1 Task 11541 Words   |  7 PagesPaul D. Parker HAT 1: Task 1 Merced County Health Status A community’s health can be established through a myriad of differing factors. Three specific factors that will help to determine the health of the county in which I live are community safety, disaster preparedness, as well as an analysis of the population. The community under review, Merced, is located in central California and made up of seventeen cities and communities whose individual populations do not exceed more than 75,000 andRead MoreThe United States Public Policy1703 Words   |  7 PagesHealthcare has been at the forefront of United States public policy for decades. Ever since President Roosevelt proposed healthcare reform during his 1912 run for president, reform has been a policy position often espoused in American politics, culminating with Social Security in the 1930s, Medicare in the 1960s, and finally the Affordable Care Act in 2010 (Palmer 1). While the goal of the Affordable Care Act is to provide care for every American, the United States has never full y adopted a single payerRead MoreDiseases: Cancer Clusters1397 Words   |  6 Pagesthe analytic process and the abundance of inquiries and concerns. 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There are many variations of the definition of community one coming from the World Health Organization defining community as â€Å"A group of people, often living in a defined geographical area, who may share a common culture, values and norms, and are arranged in a social structure according to relationships which the community has developed over a period of time† (Stanhope Lancaster, 2012, p. 397). Community health includes the characteristicsRead MoreHealth Disparities Among African Americans1355 Words   |  6 PagesHealth disparities amongst African-Americans continue to destabilize not just the various communities but the health care system as a whole. Minority groups especially African-Americans are more probable to agonize from certain health illnesses, have higher mortality rates and lower life expectancy than another other race in the nation. 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Should South Africa Stay with BRICS and CIVETS or Focus...

â€Å"South Africa needs to look beyond BRIC(S) markets and emerging CIVET(S) markets and rather focus on Africa† Extended writing task–Grade 11 South Africa is currently part of BRICS and CIVETS emerging markets, and none in Africa. In me essay I’ll be discussing whether South Africa should stay with these emerging markets or rather focus on Africa. BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) and CIVETS (Columbia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey, and South Africa) are all examples of some of the emerging markets in the world. BRICS are the world’s largest emerging markets and CIVETS are the second largest emerging markets in the world. Emerging markets are also known as; emerging economies or developing countries. An emerging market is a term used to describe a country that is still developing. It is not yet developed but it is neither underdeveloped, it is in between. These countries have some characteristics that would classify them as developed, but they also have characteristics that would classify them as underdeveloped (not to be confused with ‘undeveloped’). Emerging markets are countries that offer a wealth opportunity in trade, technology transfers and foreign direct investment; they are restructuring their economies along market-orientated lines. Leaders of these developing countries wa nt to increase the living quality of their people. Therefore they are rapidly industrializing and adopting a free market or mixed economy. Emerging

Potential Liability Violet and Sonny-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Advise Violet and Sonny of their potential liability to Friendly Bank in relation to the Busy Bee Florist Shop. Answer: Introduction To provide advice to Violet and Sonny concerning their liability that is owed to the friendly Bank in regard to Busy Bee Florist Shop, it is vital to understand that whether any kind of partnership prevailed between the Violet and Busy Bee Florist Shop and Sony and Busy Bee Florist Shop. The case study brings forward the question whether any partnership existed in the present context between the Sonny, Violet, Rosy and Mary. As defined under the partnership act 1892, sharing of profit represents an existence of the existence of the partnership (Calabretta May, 2016). An exception to the rule of the partnership defines that creditors are protected from this rule unless there contains any element in the partnership act. Discussion: A partnership can be defined as the relationship that prevailed between the persons that performs the activities of business in common with the objective of deriving profit. As held in the case of Green v Beesley (1835) it has been stated that a contract amid two or more persons to engaged in a partnership having a lawfully binding association and possess the necessary character of contractual in nature (Latimer, 2016). In the present context it is evident that Sonny is regarded as the employee and lender for Rose and Mary Busy Bee Florist Shop and Sonny will not be considered as the partner. As held in the study of Smith v Anderson (1880) the members does not make a lawful unit at the time of establishing a partnership (Blackett-Ord Haren, 2015). An ordinary partnership can be defined as the partnership of certain persons that are destined together with the agreement amid themselves to endure the object of entering into the contract with one another (Winship, 2015). As defined under the section 1 of the partnership Act of 1982 lays down that are three elements that needs to be satisfied to establish the relationship between the partners. The elements comprise of the following; Performing the activities of a business In common With the objective of earning profit If any of the above element is absent from the association is not considered to be partnership (Norbury, 2017). Therefore, Sonny is only the lender of the business and cannot be treated as the partners since Sonny does not have any knowledge of the debt from the Friendly Bank therefore he will not be regarded as the partner under the Partnership Act 1892. On the other hand, Violets case is identical to the case of Megevand; Ex parte Delhasse (1878) in which the court laid down its judgement by stating that the creditor or the partner of the concerned business is provided with the right of controlling the business (Mukherjee, 2015). Additionally, Violet also held the right of the dormant business partner with the right of sharing profit and loss. as evident from the case of violet it can be stated that she holds the right of the partner a right to share profit, to examine the books of the company and the right of receiving a quarterly business statement together with the right of sharing the partners liability of the loss. Violet will be in fact regarded as the partner in addition to the business for being a lender, though it is evidently laid down in the agreement of loan that Violet being the lender will not be treated as the partner of the business. However, the loan taken by Rosy and Mary for busy bee florist shop from Sonny and Violet represents a nature of debt that is owed to them. An assertion can be bought forward by stating that Sonny is not regarded as partner under Section 1 of the Partnership Act 1892 (NSW) (Gretton Steven, 2017). Therefore, Sonny does not have any liability of paying the debt to t he Friendly Bank in regard to the Busy Bee Florist Shop. Additionally, the elements of Section 1 of the partnership Act 1892 (NSW) is also missing from the case of Sonny and did not amounted to perform the activities of business in common for the loan provided to Busy Bee Florist Shop (Fleischer, 2017). Considering the judgement of the court in the case of Television Broadcasters Ltd v Ashtons Nominees Pty Ltd (1979) it is being held that joint venture for promoting the tour of a circus did not make the applicants as the partners (Cohen, 2017). The court in its judgements stated that even though the applicants became the joint ventures with the objective of earning profit. The agreement however did not contain any kind of provision for the allocation of loss and most prominently, the corresponding commitments comprised of the contract that were considered as the distinct requirements. Additional evidences if lack of partnership was laid down by the court in the case of Exparte Coral Investments Pty Ltd [1979] which presented the circumstance that workers were considered as the workers of the respondent and not regarded as the employees of the applicants cooperatively (McMeeking et al., 2017). From the current situation of Sonny, it can be defined that she will not be considered a partner for Busy Bee Florist Shop. Additionally, she will not be held accountable for the debt that is owed to Rosy and Mary since Sonny is not regarded as the partner under the Section 1 of the Partnership Act 1892 (NSW) (Kumar, 2016). On the other hand, in case of the Violet it can be stated that She will be regarded as the partners since she held right of sharing profit, business statement and evaluating the books of the partnerships. Therefore, the debt owed by Rosy and Mary to Friendly Bank will also extend to Violet since is regarded as the partner under Section 1 of the Partnership Act 1892 because the elements of partnership is satisfied by her (Singh, 2015). As defined under the Partnership Act 1892 (NSW) each partner in the business is held equally liable with all the other partners for the all the debts along with the requirements of the entity that is experienced at the time of carrying on of a partnership and following the death of the partner (Moll, 2015). Additionally, after the death of the partner his or her estate will be additionally held liable in the due course of the management of the debt and commitments so far as they continue in the course of the partnership. Therefore, under the circumstanc es of the Violet will be regarded as the partners of Busy Bee Florist Shop. Citing the reference of Lang v James Morrison Co Ltd (1911) 13 CLR 1 at 11 the main reason for considering Violet as the partners for Busy Bee Florist Shop at the time of acting as the partners in the course of the partnership business, Violet is in this case acting as the agent for one another (Corkery et al., 2017). An example for the above stated has been laid down in the case of United Dominions Corporation Ltd v Brian Pty Ltd and others (1985) where a lone activities carried out by the parties were regarded as the partnership under the Partnership Act 1892 (NSW). The court in its judgement stated that the respondent was indulged in the activities of land development which it was purchasing it from Brisbane (Chen et al., 2016). The respondent also shared a profit of 20% in the venture of the hotel and was regarded as the participant of both the ventures however the respondent was regarded as the major participant in each of the proposed venture. Citing the reference of Smith v Anderson (1880) the activities of Violet amounts to partnership and performing the activities of business with the component of steadiness or recurrence in contrast to the isolated transaction which cannot be considered as repeated (Singh, 2015). The conclusion of the court of law in the case of Canny Gabriel Castle Jackson Advertising Pty Ltd v Volume Sales (Finance) Pty Ltd (1974) defined that stress will be placed upon the endurance that might not be substantial. This position of Violent was regarded to be consistent with the Ruddock (1879) 5 VLR who performed the activities of business of sole trader and being obligated to his grandmother Mrs Bear and one of his employees (Moll, 2015). The court later provided that even though Mrs Bear did not take participated actively in the regular business management activities of the business, she will be regarded as the partner of the business and could not substantiate against the estate of being considered as the bankrupt debtor in competition with the other creditor. The general principles of the authorities of the court stated that a right to the participate in the profits will be regarded as the partner and notwithstanding the stipulations of being considered as the dormant partners or not liable to losses. The evidences from the case of Ruddock (1879) 5 VLR represents that the relation of associates is the outcome of their individual considerable rights and the outcome that the partnership liability from the sharing of revenues cannot be avoided in the form of conveyance (Gretton Steven, 2017). In the succeeding matters of Violet and Busy Bee Florist Shop it can be stated that they will be considered as the partners since violet has been met the elements of Section 1 of the Partnership Act 1892 (NSW). Statutory rules: Section 1 of the Partnership Act 1892 places emphasis on the features of the association among the parties so that it can ascertain that where there existed a partnership. Given the fact that the features provide that evidences that parties carried on the business in common with the objective of earning profit then a relation of partnership will be found to be existing. The parties might for example have made an expression of sharing profits but not the loses and they might have specifically laid down that their relationship cannot be regarded as the partnership relations. This is because one of the parties might be sharing profit as the employee or one of the parties was the provider of the loan who is being reimbursed out of the proceeds generated from the trade. As defined under the Section 2 of the Partnership Act (1892) it lay down the rules that are valuable pointers in ascertaining whether the specific association is considered as the partnership relations. Nevertheless, it must be noted that these procedures are not entirely considered as the determinative of the issue. As decided in the case of Wiltshire v Kuenzli (1945) the law court will generally have regard to all the situations so that it can reach at the true element of the covenant among the parties (McMeeking et al., 2017). It has been determined that the parties that have planned to do all the things would establish them as the partners under the law and no outcome can be given to the acknowledged intent of not becoming a partners. The relationship between in the present context of Violet and Busy Bee Florist Shop will be treated as the partnership under the partnership act since Violet satisfied definition that has been contained in the Partnership Act 1982. The circumstance that demeanor of the parties namely Violet reflected a partnership that is determined in the Act. The receipt by Violet relating to the share of profits of the business along with the indulgence in the examining the business books and quarterly business statements represents that evidences that Violet will be regarded as the partner of the business. Therefore, Violet along with Rosy and Mary will be held accountable for the loans that is taken from the friendly bank. Conclusion: From the above stated discussion it can be evidently put forward that Sonny is not considered to be partner of the Busy Bee Florist Shop and does not have any kind of liability to pay the debt to the Friendly Bank in relation to the Busy Bee Florist Shop. However, Violet will be considered as the partner of Busy Bee Florist Shop and will held accountable for the debts and obligations of the firm to Friendly Bank since Violet satisfies the elements of Section 1 of the Partnership Act 1892 (NSW). Reference List: Blackett-Ord, M., Haren, S. (2015).Partnership Law. Bloomsbury Publishing. Calabretta, S., May, B. (2016). Winding-up companies in a partnership.Australian Restructuring Insolvency Turnaround Association Journal,28(4), 30. Chen, V., Ramsay, I., Welsh, M. A. (2016). Corporate law reform in Australia: An analysis of the influence of ownership structures and corporate failure. Cohen, G. M. (2017). Law and Economics of Agency and Partnership.The Oxford Handbook of Law and Economics: Volume 2: Private and Commercial Law, 399. Corkery, J., Mikalsen, M., Allan, K. (2017).Corporate social responsibility: The good corporation. Centre for Commercial Law. Fleischer, H. (2017). The Law of Close Corporations. InGeneral Reports of the XIXth Congress of the International Academy of Comparative Law Rapports Gnraux du XIXme Congrs de l'Acadmie Internationale de Droit Compar(pp. 319-350). Springer Netherlands. Gretton, G., Steven, A. (2017).Property, Trusts and Succession. Bloomsbury Publishing. Kumar, A. (2016). 39_Textbook on Indian Partnership Act with Limited Liability Partnership Act 2010. Latimer, P., (2016). Repudiation of Partnership Contracts. McMeeking, K. P., Baskerville, R., Sim, D. (2017). Partnership law and its spawn: Did LLP deliver on its promises?. Moll, D. K. (2015). Shareholder Oppression and the New Louisiana Business Corporation Act.Hous. Bus. Tax LJ,15, 206. Mukherjee, N. K. (2015).The Law of Partnership with Special Reference to British India. Norbury, M. (2017). Tax cases: The perplexing partnership interest.Taxation in Australia,51(11), 631. Singh, A. (2015). Company law. Winship, P. (2015). Drafting General Partnership Laws on the'Aggregate'or'Entity'Theory.

The Revealing Of Evil And Loss Of Faithl Nathaniel Hawthornes Young G

The Revealing Of Evil And Loss Of Faithl: Nathaniel Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne is a story about revealing true evil and the loss of one man's faith. Nathaniel Hawthorne left Young Goodman Brown up for many interpretations. After reading the story a couple of times, one thing became clear to me. What I absorbed from this story was that evil exists in everyone, does not matter how good we may think we are. Things aren't always what they seem. I say this because the people who attended the devil's meetings, were the ones who attended church with him. The people whom he though were holy and Christian. These people were not holy at all. They were worshipping, praying, and obeying the devil. As Goodman Brown started his journey into the forest, he met an older man. The old man, was about fifty years old, apparently in the same rank of life as Goodman Brown, and bearing a considerable resemblance to him, though perhaps more in expression than features (DiYanni, 273). In Brown's ignorance, he does not realize that the one he is with is in fact the devil. This is shown when Brown asks a question in fear before meeting the old man, There may be a devilish Indian behind every tree, said Goodman Brown to himself; and he glanced fearfully behind him, as he added, What if the devil himself should be at my very elbow! (DiYanni, 273). This to me is ironic because then, His head being turned back, he passed a crook of the road, and looking forward again, beheld the figure of a man, in grave and decent attire, seated at the foot of an old tree. He arose at Goodman Brown's approach, and walked onward, side by side with him(DiYassi, 273). Here Goodman Brown does not realize that the devil is, in fact, walking side by side with him(DiYassi,273). Goodman Brown recognized a very pious and exemplary dame, who had taught him his catechism in youth, and was still his moral and spiritual advisor (DiYassi, 275). This dames name was Goody Cloyse. When Brown sees that Goody Cloyse recognizes the old man and cries out, the devil (DiYassi, 275), he can't believe it. He now sees her as a wretched old woman (DiYassi, 276). Brown is feeling his loss of faith and tries to overcome this by saying, What if a wretched old woman does choose to go to the devil, when I though she was going to heaven! Is that any reason to leave my dear Faith behind, and go after her? (DiYassi, 276). Though Brown is disappointed, he has not yet lost his faith. Goodman Brown finds his faith disrupted, once again, when he observes the minister and deacon secretly from behind a tree. These two holy men (DiYanni, 276) are the two people that Brown admires; they are the spiritual leaders of the community. As Goodman Brown listens to their discussing the unholy meeting Brown becomes faint and over-burthened with the heavy sickness of his heart (DiYanni, 276). At this point he was in doubt of his faith, but in a struggle to keep his faith he says, With heaven above, and Faith below, I will yet stand firm against the devil! (DiYanni, 277). Faith, Goodman Brown's wife, is his faith in God. Brown loses all faith in God, but he believes that he is better than everyone else. Showing his pride and ignorance. This was Goodman Brown's downfall. Critics tend to focus on different scenes from stories. This critic, Bert A.Mikosh, focuses on his view of Young Goodman Brown. The story Young Goodman Brown is about a man and his faith in himself, his wife, and the community they reside in. Goodman Brown must venture on a journey into the local forest refuse the temptation of the devil and return to the village before sunrise. The time era is approximately a generation after the time of the witch trials (Mikosh). He leads on by saying, The lead character is happy with the locals and his faith until this trip, when he is convinced they are all evil. Upon this discovery he, in a sense, becomes evil (Mikosh). Bert continues

Geography Essay Sample Summer in Different Parts of the Globe

Geography Essay Sample Summer in Different Parts of the Globe Geography Essay Sample: Summer in Different Parts of the Globe If you are going to write a college paper, it’s a good idea to look at an example first. This will help you understand the structure of an essay and what needs to be included. Here is a geography essay sample for you to reference when you write your own geography masterpiece. Often, people think that summer is warm, and the sun is always shining. This is not always the case for summer varies in different places around the world. There is not one single definition of the season when it is looked at from a global standpoint. There is a handful of differences between each country’s summer season and what it looks like. If you live in the northern hemisphere, you know that summer occurs in June, July, and August. Those who live in the southern hemisphere experience summer in December, January, and February. Not every country has their summer season at the same time. This is one of the major differences between summers in different places around the world. Another variation in summer around the world is that some places get warmer and drier while others get warmer and wetter. Drier climates often go through droughts in the summertime, which cuts back on their crop production. Tropical areas are known to be more humid, which means that summer is the â€Å"wet season†. This is also the season where the most vegetation grows in tropical countries. Hong Kong has a sub-tropical climate, which means that they grow many of their crops during the summer season. Overall, there are a few cities that are hotter than all of the rest. Kuwait City, Karachi, and Ahvaz often reach the highest temperatures when compared to others. Particularly, in Kuwait City, the temperature might reach 44 degrees Celsius, which is equivalent to 111 degrees Fahrenheit. This is common during the summer months from June to August. This city, along with Karachi and Ahvaz, experiences more than a few negative effects from the hot weather. The citizens are prone to heatwaves and poor air circulation. In the summer season of 2017 in the United States, a few states had especially hot weather. These temperatures were between 119 and 125 degrees Fahrenheit or between 48 and 51 degrees Celsius. These specific temperatures were recorded in the southwest region, including California, Arizona, and Nevada. Arizona’s capital city, Phoenix, had reached the temperature of 120 degrees Fahrenheit three times in its history. The high temperatures proved to be deadly and even resulted in heat waves. Of course, this is not what summer looks like all around the globe. In New Zealand, there can sometimes be a lack of consistency when it comes to weather. New Zealand is located relatively close to Antarctica. Recently, in January of 2017, this country should have been experiencing its summer season. Instead, it was met with a â€Å"weather bomb† which led to flooding and snowing. This is not abnormal for the country, which is located in the southern hemisphere. They have endured extreme weather conditions prior to the 2017 weather bomb. Well, there are a lot of ways that summer can present itself throughout the world. There is not one correct route to describe summer because it can look different in each city or country. Some countries have mild summers, while others have very extreme ones. Even a country’s summer season timing can vary by its location in either the northern or southern hemisphere. References: Birch, H. (2015, July 22). Where is the worlds hottest city? Retrieved March 21, 2018, from https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/jul/22/where-world-hottest-city-kuwait-karachi-ahvaz Cheng, V., Ng, E., Chan, C., Givoni, B. (2011). Outdoor thermal comfort study in a sub-tropical climate: A longitudinal study based in Hong Kong. International Journal of Biometeorology, 56(1), 43-56. doi:10.1007/s00484-010-0396-z Press, A. (2017, June 21). Scorching summer temperatures bring worst heat to south-west US in years. Retrieved March 21, 2018, from https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jun/20/heatwave-south-west-us-arizona-nevada-california Redd, N. T. (2015, June 19). Summer: The Warmest Season. Retrieved March 21, 2018, from https://www.livescience.com/24592-summer.html Roy, E. A. (2017, January 23). New Zealand hit by weather bomb bringing summer snow and flooding. Retrieved March 21, 2018, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/23/new-zealand-weather-bomb-summer-snow-flooding Staniforth, A., Thuburn, J. (2011). Horizontal grids for global weather and climate prediction models: A review. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 138(662), 1-26. doi:10.1002/qj.958 Waliser, D. E., Moncrieff, M. W., Burridge, D., Fink, A. H., Gochis, D., Goswami, B. N., . . . Yuter, S. (2012). The â€Å"Year† of Tropical Convection (May 2008–April 2010): Climate Variability and Weather Highlights. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 93(8), 1189-1218. doi:10.1175/2011bams3095.1 As an option, you can contact our writing service for hiring custom essay writers  who are experts in writing excellent geography essays and research papers.

How to Conjugate French Regular -ER Verbs

How to Conjugate French Regular -ER Verbs There are five main kinds of verbs in French: regular -ER, -IR, -RE; stem-changing; and irregular. Once youve learned the rules of conjugation for each of the first three kinds of verbs, you should have no problem conjugating regular verbs in each of those categories. The majority of French verbs are regular -ER verbs. French Regular -ER Verb Conjugations The verb form that ends in -ER is called the infinitive, and -ER is the infinitive ending. The verb with the infinitive ending removed is called the stem or radical. To conjugate -ER verbs, remove the infinitive ending to find the stem and add the endings. The table lists the present tense conjugations for the regular -ER verbs parler (to speak or talk), donner (to give), and visiter (to visit). To help with learning, the infinitive form is listed (such as  parler) followed by the stem (such as  parl-). Pronoun Ending parler parl- donner donn- visiter visit- je -e parle donne visite tu -es parles donnes visites il -e parle donne visite nous -ons parlons donnons visitons vous -ez parlez donnez visitez ils -ent parlent donnent visitent Regular -ER verbs share conjugation patterns in all tenses and moods. More -ER Verb  Conjugations: Penser The rules for conjugating regular -ER verbs remain the same throughout all tenses and moods: Thats why they the are called regular -ER verbs. For your studies, it can be helpful, however, to view all the conjugations for all tenses of moods of a regular -ER verb, such as  penser  (to think). Remember that to conjugate this regular -ER verb, simply take the stem -pense  and then add the appropriate endings. Pronoun Present Future Imperfect je pense penserai pensais tu penses penseras pensais il pense pensera pensait nous pensons penserons pensions vous pensez penserez pensiez ils pensent penseront pensaient Pronoun Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je pense penserais pensai pensasse tu penses penserais pensas pensasses il pense penserait pensa penst nous pensions penserions pensmes pensassions vous pensiez penseriez penstes pensassiez ils pensent penseraient pensrent pensassent Pronoun Imperative tu pense nous pensons vous pensez Some Common French Regular -ER Verbs Take some time to familiarize yourself with the most common regular -ER verbs, because youre likely to encounter these words often when reading or speaking French. They all share the same conjugation patterns, with a few exceptions noted below. aimer   to like, to lovearriver   to arrive, to happenchanter     to singchercher   to look forcommencer   to begindanser   to dancedemander   to ask fordà ©penser     to spend (money)dà ©tester   to hatedonner   to giveà ©couter   to listen toà ©tudier      to studyfermer   to closegoà »ter     to tastejouer   to playlaver   to washmanger     to eatnager   to swimparler   to talk, to speakpasser   to pass, spend (time)porter   to wear, to carryrà ªver   to dreamsembler   to seemskier   to skitravailler   to worktrouver   to findvoler   to fly, to steal A Few Exceptions All regular s of this kind of conjugation would be commencer  (to begin), manger (to eat),  nager  (to swim), and  skier (to ski). Though they are conjugated just like regular -ER verbs, watch out for verbs that end in  -IER, such as  Ãƒ ©tudier  (to study).

Writer's choice Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Writer's choice - Research Paper Example ystem’s security requirements and gives a description of the controls that are in place or are planned to meet the security requirements (Nancy & Gregory, 2011). While securing systems, users can be one of the weakest links, and they, therefore, need to be trained adequately for them to understand system security risks. The NIST requires a cybersecurity profile to outline clearly the alignment of the functions, categories and subcategories of the business requirements, risk tolerance and resources within the organization. The cyber security profile identifies opportunities for improvement of the cyber security and moving the system from its current to a better state in terms of security. This paper will look at some security measures considered incorporated in a system security plan. These are safeguards incorporated in a computer, systems software, operation, and related devices for protection of critical IT resources against vulnerabilities both internally and externally. Implementation of effective logical access controls, an organization significantly reduces the risks to the system environment. Some logical access controls that have been incorporated into the system include assignment of access privileges, object re-use, session controls, re-certification of users, encryption, networking, dial-in, as well as use of warning banners. The core of an access-control system aims at securing evaluation of whether an established identity can access a particular computing resource, which is also called an object. A resource may be a service of some sort, an information receptacle such as a file or a Web resource like a uniform resource identifier (URI). The access control is decided over an existent security context and a controlled resource (Benantar, 2006). Intrusion detection systems are widely used in the enhancement of the security of information systems. The intrusion detection system detects and tracks the slightest signs of malicious activity and also keep

Economic Turmoil and Risk of War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economic Turmoil and Risk of War - Essay Example Patrick Purcell (2010) emphasized the authoritarian regimes can influence the outcome of economic turmoil. The authoritarian authority does not answer to the people. The authority is concentrated on a few unelected persons. Such person implement political repressions and the elimination of other parties to freely be elected for a government position. In some countries, the authoritarian leader forcibly takes the reigns of government from the duly elected officials. The power grabbers form a government and impressing on the people that they will intervene in the current economic turmoil by grabbing all the assets of the state and equally distributing the wealth among the people. The economic turmoil of the depression of the early 1900s increased unemployment. Michael Bernstein (1989) reiterated the economic turmoil of the 1929 depression forced many companies to close shop. Consequently, many people lost their jobs. Consequently, the people looked at the government as the cause of the ir economic hardship. The poverty-stricken people are easy preys for people espousing authoritarianism.

Ethical Codes Essay Example for Free

Ethical Codes Essay The increasing dependences on computers for critical infrastructure essentials for the functioning of a society and its economy has given rise to host of ethical, social, and legal issues. As software engineers, it is a bounden duty to design and build software intended for use by a set of individuals for a specified set of purpose, which initiate many issues about consumer’s privacy. Following is the exploration from three constituents. First, websites collect consumer’s private information. Social networks play a vital role in the life of Internet users, and more than a half billion people post vast amounts of information about themselves to share with online friends and colleagues. As more and more people join social networking sites, questions are beginning to surface about the safety of user’s information. A new study has found that the practices of many popular social networking sites typically make that personal information available to companies that track Web users’ browsing habits and allow them to link anonymous browsing habits to specific people. Like most commercial websites, online social networks use third-party tracking sites to learn about the browsing habits of their visitors. Cookies are maintained by a Web browser and contain information that enable tracking sites to build profiles of the websites visited by a user. Each time the user visits a new website, the tracking site can review those cookies and serve up advertisements that might appeal to the user. For example, if the user frequently visits food sites, user might see an advertisement for a new cookbook. With the leakage of this type personal information, there is a significant risk of having one’s identity linked to an inaccurate or misleading browsing profile. Browsing profiles record the websites has been accessed by a particular computer, neither who was using the computer at the time nor why particular sites were chosen. This will lead to a serious problem inaccurate profiling by tracking sites. For example, a site about cancer was visited for curiosity rather than intent, inaccurate profiling would potentially lead to issues with health care coverage, or other areas of our personal lives. The second issue is when a consumer uses a product created by a computer professional. The main concept in engineering ethics is â€Å"professional responsibility†, such as political philosopher Langdon Winner, are critical of the traditional preoccupation of engineering ethics with specific moral dilemmas confronting individuals(Winner, 1990): â€Å"Ethical responsibility nvolves more than leading a decent, honest, truthful life And it involves something much more than making wise choice when such choices suddenly, unexpectedly present themselves. Our moral obligations must include a willingness to engage others in the difficult work of defining the crucial choice that confront technological society † But unfortunately, with the development of technology and the awakening co nsciousness of human protection, user privacy is becoming a sensitive issue , after the two giants Google and Apple have stumbled in this regard. Recently, the recognition of the recent HTC phones to collect the user’s data. A user in a system upgrade and found a new CIQ application, the application can access statistics, including the application frequency, GPS location, even after the use of information related to home video cameras, and back to the respective companies. HTC aspects of this incident came to light on the phone today to confirm pre-installed software to collect user information, but all processes are encrypted safe manner. HTC also said in a statement, the company will protect user privacy, commitment to the future equipment and then collect information, the user will be prompted to make a clear choice. Although the company will give customers the utmost assurance of their privacy, why HTC phones collected the user’s data from the beginning? Finally, the employer or company who offers a services. With the rocketing development of Internet, most companies see web services as a platform to become a very profitable business in the near future. In other words, thousands of customers’ private information will be stored in the Internet, which could have serious consequences if a firm lacks the security to protect sensitive information. For example, the most infamous Internet attack occurred this year was the one suffered by Sony. Everything started with the theft of data from PlayStation Network, affecting 77 million users worldwide. Not only was this the biggest data theft ever but the situation was poorly handled by Sony. To make things worse, the stolen data was specially sensitive, including user’s names, billing addresses, email addresses, PlayStation Network IDs, passwords, birthdates, purchase history, credit card numbers, etc. If this was not sufficient enough, Sony Online Entertainment was subject to another attack a few days later, a data theft that affected another 24 million users. In short, the chief man-made cause is deficiency in professional responsibility. If the company built information securi ty system and strengthened individual information protection from the start, which would avert the tragedy from getting worse. In conclusion, the actions involved in carrying out the right and ethical solution to any engineering problem may not be easy, especially in today’s world. But the path that must be taken should be obvious. This type of decision-making comes with experience, but the basic principles can be learned. The work that an engineer does often impacts the lives of countless people. With such a responsibility it is up to them to act in the most ethical, honest and trustworthy manner possible.

Health Problems and Your Food Essay -- Nutrition

Human bodies are naturally created to break down simple foods. As a growing population we have had to create technology that keeps up with the demand for food. In generating this technology we have created food that our bodies are not fully capable of breaking down without having some sort of negative health effect. The food industry uses thousands of chemicals and additives to preserve our food and our bodies are fighting back. Nitrates and nitrites are used in preserving meats and can cause numerous health problems that most of us are not aware of. Methemoglobinemia is a blood disorder where oxygen carrying molecules (hemoglobin) builds up and does not get the appropriate oxygen throughout your body. Methemoglobinemia can cause comas, convulsions, and cyanosis (a blue or purple discoloring of the skin due to lack of oxygen) According to the Agencey for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry not only are you at risk for Methemoglobinemia, but you are eating your way to potential cancer. â€Å"Elevated risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and cancers of the esophagus, nasopharynx, bladder, and prostate have been reported† ("Case Studies in Environmental Medicine (CSEM) Nitrate/Nitrite ToxicityWhat Are the Physiological Effects of Exposure to Nitrates/Nitrites?") Nitrates are also known to cause headaches, neasuea, vomiting, and asthma. So sit down and enjoy your nice juicy steak if you dare.Sucralose and Acesu lfame Potassium (Acesulfame K) are both put in a lot of sugar free foods to supplement the lack of sugar. Sucralose is used to counteract the after taste of Acesylfame K. Sucralose is most commonly Splenda and has reports of many side effects to the human body. Some side effects include shrunken thymus gland, enlarged liver and kidneys. ... ...oduced today. To avoid getting health problems associated with food we need to educate ourselves on what is in our food. Works Cited "Bromine (Br) - Chemical Properties, Health and Environmental Effects." Water Treatment and Purification - Lenntech. 2009. Web. 29 Mar. 2011. . "Case Studies in Environmental Medicine (CSEM) Nitrate/Nitrite ToxicityWhat Are the Physiological Effects of Exposure to Nitrates/Nitrites?" Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. USA.GOV, 24 Sept. 2007. Web. 29 Mar. 2011. . "Debating the Safety of Milk from rBGH-Treated Cows (sidebar)." Issues & Controversies On File: n. pag. Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, 12 Feb. 1999. Web. 15 Apr. 2011. . Health Problems and Your Food Essay -- Nutrition Human bodies are naturally created to break down simple foods. As a growing population we have had to create technology that keeps up with the demand for food. In generating this technology we have created food that our bodies are not fully capable of breaking down without having some sort of negative health effect. The food industry uses thousands of chemicals and additives to preserve our food and our bodies are fighting back. Nitrates and nitrites are used in preserving meats and can cause numerous health problems that most of us are not aware of. Methemoglobinemia is a blood disorder where oxygen carrying molecules (hemoglobin) builds up and does not get the appropriate oxygen throughout your body. Methemoglobinemia can cause comas, convulsions, and cyanosis (a blue or purple discoloring of the skin due to lack of oxygen) According to the Agencey for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry not only are you at risk for Methemoglobinemia, but you are eating your way to potential cancer. â€Å"Elevated risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and cancers of the esophagus, nasopharynx, bladder, and prostate have been reported† ("Case Studies in Environmental Medicine (CSEM) Nitrate/Nitrite ToxicityWhat Are the Physiological Effects of Exposure to Nitrates/Nitrites?") Nitrates are also known to cause headaches, neasuea, vomiting, and asthma. So sit down and enjoy your nice juicy steak if you dare.Sucralose and Acesu lfame Potassium (Acesulfame K) are both put in a lot of sugar free foods to supplement the lack of sugar. Sucralose is used to counteract the after taste of Acesylfame K. Sucralose is most commonly Splenda and has reports of many side effects to the human body. Some side effects include shrunken thymus gland, enlarged liver and kidneys. ... ...oduced today. To avoid getting health problems associated with food we need to educate ourselves on what is in our food. Works Cited "Bromine (Br) - Chemical Properties, Health and Environmental Effects." Water Treatment and Purification - Lenntech. 2009. Web. 29 Mar. 2011. . "Case Studies in Environmental Medicine (CSEM) Nitrate/Nitrite ToxicityWhat Are the Physiological Effects of Exposure to Nitrates/Nitrites?" Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. USA.GOV, 24 Sept. 2007. Web. 29 Mar. 2011. . "Debating the Safety of Milk from rBGH-Treated Cows (sidebar)." Issues & Controversies On File: n. pag. Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, 12 Feb. 1999. Web. 15 Apr. 2011. .

Self-Assessment Marybeth Adkins

I have always thought of myself to be outgoing. I have equal regard for the value of others as well as how I value myself. I also believe that I am assertive in a manner wherein I am able to handle the situation effectively and to produce the best possible outcome given the circumstances present.I uphold my rights as well as the rights of others. It does not necessarily mean I need to win all the time, but it has always been important to be to do my best.I had perceived my communication style to be effective in terms of being an active listener. I have limitations and expectations that I always want to clearly state. I am able to express myself with an acceptable degree of honesty and directness, especially when it comes to my feelings and desires.The characteristics I always knew I had were confidence and self-awareness. I am also proactive and initiating as well as decisive.   I knew that I had a sense of humor and that I was open and flexible as well as versatile.In terms of beh avior, I operated from choice. I also find comfort in knowing what was required and developing a plan to achieve it. This showed that my behavior was action-oriented as well as firm. Just like the way I want to create plans, I am also realistic, just and fair, along with being consistent in the things I do.  I had been evaluated to be an extraverted, intuitive, feeling and judging type (ENFJ) that showed I was a moderately expressed extravert, a slight expressed intuitive personality, a distinctly expressed feeling personality as well as a moderately expressed judging personality. I was evaluated to be a feeling personality, more than the rest.This is Expected of meIn this area, my response was evaluated according to how I thought people expected me to behave. It represented the guarded or masked behavior that I had. I was an â€Å"S† which meant I was a steady specialist. This meant that I had a passive and people-oriented temperament.The â€Å"S’s† like me w ere considered to be stable and shy types. We are the ones who disliked changes. We can survive doing the same job consistently. This was also seen with my ENFJ profile that showed handled consistency well. I am also a people-pleaser. I value secured surroundings in relation to my stable behavior.   I was also evaluates to be forgiving, while others were said to take advantage of it. Since I seem to like to please other people all the time, this made it difficult for me to say â€Å"no† to friends. I always look forward to opportunities to help others.While this can be perceived as weakness, in another perspective from the Book of Psalms, it said, â€Å"But the meek will inherit the land and enjoy great peace† (Psalm 37:11 NIV).This is Me  The assessment for my â€Å"This is me† evaluation was C/I/S. This area referred to how I responded according to how I felt and thought during times wherein I was under pressure. It was my unguarded behavior. C/I/S meant c ompetent, influencing specialists.Similar to the â€Å"this is expected of me† evaluation, I was evaluated to have a liking for doing things right, in impressing others and in stabilizing situations. I was not seen to be aggressive no pushy. I was also shown to enjoy crowds, regardless of size. I was also evaluated to be good with people with high regard for quality. I also seen the high regard y personality type had for what others thinks of myself and my work.I was also observed to lack some determination and dominance. While I can perform tasks well, I was said to need quicker decision-making skills. My capability to work and do great things with people was mentioned in relation to the fact that I needed to become more self-motivated and assertive. Sincere and enthusiastic approvals as well as logical explanations were things that were said to stimulate me.Discovered Communication Style and PersonalitySpiritual Gifts. I discovered the spiritual gifts I had in relation to m y communication style and personality. They were considered as supernatural motivations that were given to every believer. As everyone did not have exactly the same communication style and personality, spiritual gifts also differed. They usually reflect in the personality, behavior and communication style of the individual.The top spiritual gift I had was mercy. This was the gift the enables a person to demonstrate genuine concern and sensitive to suffering. There are a certain something in me that compel me to reduce the pain in other people. There is more concern for me for the person hurting that for the reasons of their suffering.Another gift that was seen in me was the gift of serving, ministry or the helps. This gift was seen to help others and be motivated by serving behind the scenes. Such gift enables me to do things that no one else likes to do. It also enables me to be flexible and to adapt to challenges.Administration did not go far behind and it was related as it is the gift that gives the strong sense of duty as well. This gift was seen to concentrate on team participation. People with this gift see the bigger picture and keeps everyone on track. They were also seen to delegate tasks and to be very organized.Leadership Style. I was considered to be an â€Å"I† leader. This referred to leaders who were inspiring and enthusiastic. Since â€Å"I† stood for influence, the kind of leader that I was evaluated to be was one who loved to lead and influence others. Such leaders were seen to be great presenters. They were also seen to have the tendency to talk too much.They were seen to need to listen more and not be too sensitive to rejection. However, â€Å"I† leaders were also positively considered to be impressive and positive leaders. While the kind of leader I was classified loved to be in crowds, there was also a need for me to be interested in individuals.Follower Style. The â€Å"I† followers have a tendency to follow t heir hearts. They were seen to be impulsive as followers. They also want and need opportunities wherein they would be noticed and would look good. Even as followers, they were seen to carry a certain degree of influence.They need constant approvals. It was attributed to their high egos. They also make good first impressions. The influences they inherently possess often turn them into leaders who rise up to the top. Such followers can have a difficult time simply being in follower roles as they have a tendency to lead.Conflict Resolution by FujishinAccording to Fujishin, one must evaluate his or her own interpersonal styles. This effort would enable the individual to understand one’s self (Fujishin 1997). This leads to self- acceptances that have a significant impact in how one accepts others. This factors holds a critical role in the success of group related communication and work.He upheld how important it was to know one’s self and be familiar with it before entering in any communication that involves other people, especially in a group. Since time was already taken in the examination of one’s own self and weaknesses, there is little need for the individual to look towards the approval of other people in the group in order to function well (Fujishin 1997).Self-assessment was also important when it came to conflict management. When one already knew one’s self, there is more time attributed to examining and discussing the problem. It also equips the individuals to listen actively to the other people within the group in conflict. Irrelevant discussions would be avoided.Fujishin’s principles on conflict management provided for effective tools and strategies that could guide and direct group discussion in a very effective manner. The he had promoted self-awareness could also be used in professional and personal affairs under conflict. He quoted Emerson regarding this saying, â€Å"What lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny matters compared to what lies within us†Controlling Communication and Behavioral BlendIt was pointed out that I needed to increase my confidence in terms of how what others expect of me (UniquelyYou.net 2007). I have to speak out more often and avoid being abused because of my tendency to please people all the time. I also needed to be more outgoing and assertive. I had to grasp the fact that security was possible (UniquelyYou.net 2007).I found the importance of being cautious when it came to being judgmental (UniquelyYou.net 2007). As I believed that others have rights the same as I had, they also had the right to be judged for who they were and not for first impressions or other superficial criteria.I also had to avoid being bitter and harboring resentment. It may have come from my tendency to be oversensitive. I had to learn to just be thankful for everything and see things in a positive and constructive light.I also learned about the utilization of my communication s kills and behavioral blends in relation to developing my Spiritual Gifts. The sign of true development was the maturity and involvement I had in the Body of Christ (UniquelyYou.net 2007).They were to be seen as combinations that helped to understand how the unique blends that I had discovered through the evaluations were related to the role I had to play in doing God’s Work. The Word of God exhorts this truth, â€Å"So it is with you. Since you are eager to have spiritual gifts, try to excel in gifts that build up the church† (1 Corinthians 14:12, NIV).God never makes mistakes and creates the gift in each individual in order to work for His glory (UniquelyYou.net 2007). I also realized how such natural and supernatural qualities could get out of hand when I don’t use them for God’s glory. It would be best if God was the one to control them and for everyone to submit their own personalities, styles, and gifting to God’s will.My highest spiritual gif ts were those of mercy, serving, and administration. I tend to constantly volunteer for the works of the Church, even if they have no hint of glamour in them.Overusing such gifts make me seek for approval or please people more than pleasing God.   Since my highest personality profile plotting was â€Å"I† this makes me more of a leader than a follower. Abuse of this personality type would make me overpower people in leadership and make me less of a team player.It was an evident match that I had mercy as my serving as one of the top spiritual gifts because my personality was one who aimed to please people and to do jobs consistently.This was intended for service because of the fact that I can be good with people and influence them well.   While I saw that I was expected to be more passive, I realized that my behavior and Spiritual Gifts had given me the capacity to be active and people-oriented. Despite the fact that I did not want to be in the spotlight, I still wanted to serve people. I realized how I also wanted to receive approval for the things that I do. I needed to be more secured with the job I was doing.Leadership needed qualities like humility, development, commitment, focus, compassion, integrity, peacemaking, and endurance (Hastings & Potter 2004). Based on the results of the evaluation, I had these qualities; more in some than the others. Commitment, focus, compassion and endurance were those that would stand out with my behavior and personality.Compassion, my highest value as seen with my Spiritual gifting and behavioral type, should be reflected in communication. It’s not merely about delivering the message but in doing so in the best possible and effective manner that forges relationships that were based on trust (Hastings & Potter 2004).Genuine concern and love has always reflected Jesus Christ. It is something that can be foundational in the way I would hone my gifts and control my behavior. The Scripture said, â€Å"Praise be to the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of compassion and the God of all comfort† (2 Corinthians 1:3, NIV). This assessment provided significant insights into my behavior and communication styles. Most of them, I already knew I had possessed. However, this activity enabled me to see them in a new light. It gave me a look as to how I had been misusing my gifts as well as how I was not able to control my behavior because of certain personality types I had.I agree with the results of this evaluation as they described me as accurately as can be. I also saw how my behavior had been related to closely to the Spiritual Gifts that I was bestowed with. It was enlightening because it showed how specific God had made me in line with how He wanted to use me in the work He cut out for me; â€Å"For we are God's workmanship, created in Christ Jesus to do good works, which God prepared in advance for us to do† (Ephesians 2:10, NIV).Evaluation of Activity EffectivenessOverall, this assignment had been more than helpful in developing self-awareness in a person. As Fujishin stressed, self-awareness p layed an important factor when it came to group dynamics as it enables the person to focus on the group instead on one’s self because there is already security that came from this value.The activity enabled me to realize my strengths and uniqueness in order to use them for the benefit of my development as well as for the contributions I could provide for God’s work. This activity also establishes a stronger sense of purpose.ReferencesCombining 7 Spiritual Gifts with 4 (DISC) personality types.† (2007).UniquelyYou.net.Fujishin, R. (1997). Discovering the leader within. USA: Acada Book.Hastings, W. & Potter, R.(2004).   Trust me: Developing a leadership style people will follow. Canada: Waterbrook.International Bible Society (1984). The Holy Bible New International Version. USA: Zondervan,

Madam Cj Walker Essay

Madame C.J. Walker was America’s first self-made female millionaire. She amassed her fortune through hard work, innovative ideas, and a fierce dedication to her craft and her people. Contrary to most historical accounts, Madame C.J. Walker did not invent the pressing comb. Per her own words, Madame Walker started the â€Å"hair-growing† business, borne out her desire to remedy her own hair loss. In 1910 Madame C.J. Walker moved her ever expanding â€Å"Special Correspondence Course† business, founded on her System of Beauty Culture, to Indianapolis. There she purchased and paid for her home adjoining which was a factory and laboratory. On September 2, 1911 she petitioned the Indiana Secretary of State to become incorporated and on September 19th, 1911, said petition was granted, marking the genesis of the Madame C.J. Walker Manufacturing Company of Indiana, Inc. wherein Madame Walker was the President and sole shareholder of all 1,000 shares of stock. She was also an early civil rights advocate on behalf of Black people, and an avid financial supporter of what today we call HBCU†s or Historically Black Colleges and Universities. By the time of her passing in 1919, Madame C.J. Walker had built one of the largest black owned manufacturing companies in the world, an international network of over 15,000 Madame Walker agents, beauty schools in three states, and a 32 room mansion at Irvington-on-the-Hudson, New York. Madame’s only child, A’Lelia Walker became President of the Madame C.J. Walker Manufacturing Company of Indiana upon her mother’s passing. Per Madame’s will, two-thirds of the stock of the Company was placed in a Trust, over which were five Trustees. The other one-third of the stock of the company was bequeathed to her only child. When A’Lelia died, the one-third share of stock she owned was â€Å"split† between two people, each receiving onesixth share. The majority two-thirds remained in the Trust. Over six decades later, in 1985, the Trustees petitioned the Marion County Probate court to allow them to sell the stock and assets of Madame Walker’s company, including inventory and historical documents, to a man named Raymond Randolph. The owners of the remaining shares of stock also agreed to sell their shares to Raymond Randolph. Thus, on December 20th, 1985, Raymond L. Randolph became the first person since Madame C.J. Walker herself to own all 1000 shares of stock in the Madame C.J. Walker Manufacturing Company of Indiana, aka the Madame C.J. Walker Manufacturing Company.

Eleanor of Aquitaine essays

Eleanor of Aquitaine essays Eleanor of Aquitaines life spans most of the 12th century, which was when the Middle Ages were at their pinnacle. During this time kings were too weak to defend their kingdoms and their people sought refuge and protection from a strong leader. This brought about the feudal system and affected Eleanor by the fact that her father was a duke of an extremely powerful and immense fiefdom that was called Aquitaine in France. After her fathers death, Eleanor inherited Aquitaine and became one of the most significant leaders that were involved in all the great events of her era. She was also a key figure in endless quarrels between the French and English kings and was arguably the most powerful women of High Medieval Europe. Although her outspoken nature made enemies among conservatives, her beliefs were far ahead of her time and won much respect for women. Eleanor of Aquitaine was an incredibly influential character in the Middle Ages by controlling much political power through her hu sbands, impacting and enlarging the menial roles of women in society, and introducing troubadour music to the whole of France. Eleanor of Aquitaine lived between 1122 and 1204, which was during the very peak of the Middle Ages. Her father William X, a duke, was also a patron of the troubadours and storytellers. Eleanor grew up with a lifelong love of music and literature, which was credited in whole to William, who not only introduced Eleanor to music and literature, but carefully educated and created an excellent student of her. Although most men in society thought education for women was not important or beneficial, William found education very significant to both sexes and was proud that Eleanor liked to learn and quickly picked up her studies. Williams travels through Aquitaine were always accompanied by Eleanor to prepare her for her future role as duchess. Eleanors mother was Aenor Aimery, whom Eleanor was name...

Graphics in Business Writing, Technical Communication

Graphics in Business Writing, Technical Communication In business writing and technical communication, graphics are used as  visual representations to support the text in a report, proposal, set of instructions, or similar documents. Types of graphics include charts, diagrams, drawings, figures, graphs, maps, photographs, and tables. Etymology:  From the Greek, writing Successful visuals integrate substance, statistics, and design to achieve four principles: clarity, precision, efficiency, and integrity. The best visuals give the viewer the greatest number of ideas as quickly as possible in the least amount of space.(John M. Penrose, Robert W. Rasberry, and Robert J. Myers, Business Communication for Managers: An Advanced Approach, 5th ed. Thomson, 2004) Criteria for Effective Graphics Whether hand drawn or computer generated, successful tables and figures have these characteristics (From Sharon Gerson and Steven Gerson, Technical Writing: Process and Product, 5th ed. Pearson, 2006): Are integrated with the text (i.e., the graphic complements the text; the text explains the graphic).Are appropriately located (preferably immediately following the text referring to the graphic and not a page or pages later).Add to the material explained in the text (without being redundant).Communicate important information that could not be conveyed easily in a paragraph or longer text.Do not contain details that detract from rather than enhance the information.Are an effective size (not too small or too large).Are neatly printed to be readable.Are correctly labeled (with legends, headings, and titles).Follow the style of other figures or tables in the text.Are well conceived and carefully executed. Benefits of Graphics Graphics offer benefits that words alone cannot: Graphics are indispensable in demonstrating logical and numerical relationships[. . .]Graphics can communicate spatial information more effectively than words alone.Graphics can communicate steps in a process more effectively than words alone[. . .]Graphics can save space[. . .]Graphics can reduce the cost of documents intended for international readers. . . . As you plan and draft your document, look for opportunities to use graphics to clarify, emphasize, and organize information.(Mike Markel, Technical Communication, 9th ed. Bedford/St. Martins, 2010) Also Known As: visual aids, visuals

Eyewitness Evidence as a Cause of Miscarriages of Justice in the UK Literature review

Eyewitness Evidence as a Cause of Miscarriages of Justice in the UK - Literature review Example Others reasons include, plea bargain which offer incentives for the innocent to plead guilty, prejudice towards the social class of people to which the defendant belongs , confirmation of bias by the investigators, over estimated evidential value of expert testimony and conspiracy between prosecutors and court of appeal judges to uphold conviction of an innocent person. (C. Ronald Huff, 2008, p. 80). There have been several cases of wrongful convictions because of untrue or distorted eyewitness evidence in the United Kingdom. This may include misidentification of the perpetrator by the witness or victims. This can have very serious implications to the person wrongfully convicted as sometimes the discovery of a wrongful conviction occurs after the innocent person has died in jail or executed. The wrongly convicted person and there family suffer real and irreversible effects. Because of the many cases of miscarriages of justice, there have been arguments against the death penalty that sees the wrongly convicted person executed promptly after conviction. An innocent person wrongfully convicted in the United Kingdom and jailed may be paid compensation for the time he or she was incarcerated, although, there is a statue that limits the most amount to be paid to five hundred thousand dollars. (Butterworths of New Zealand Ltd, 1991, p. 57). Cases in the United Kingdom such as the Greenberry Hill case where Green Robert, Henry Berry and Lawrence Hill were hanged in 1679 on false evidence for the unsolved murder of Edmund Godfrey. Sion Jenkins was acquitted in 2006 after a retrial because of inaccurate evidence in the case of the murder of Billie-Jo Jenkins. He had been convicted in 1998. (Knoops, 2006, p. 73). Before the year 2005 in the United Kingdom, the parole system assumed that all the convicted persons were guilty. For the convicted person to be paroled one had to sign a document in which the convicted person confessed to the crime for which they were convicted. There were cases of a prolonged stay in jail for the people who refused to sign this declaration. An example of a case of the people who were denied parole because of not signing the document of confessing to the crimes convicted for is the Birmingham six. The system has since changed since 2005 and the convicted persons who never admit guilt are being given parole (Webber, 2009, p. 143). There is no official law in the United Kingdom that provides a means of correcting a conviction based on insufficient evidence. In the 1990s, several high profile cases turned out to be miscarriages of justice because of distorted or fabricated eyewitness testimonies and evidence by the police. This was also done for the police to get a high conviction rate. In 1989, the West Midlands Serious Crime Squad was disbanded because of being involved in the practices that resulted to miscarriages of justice. Due to the many miscarriages of justice, several Innocence Projects have been established as well as the Criminal Cases Review Commission that was established in 1997 to look at the possible cases of miscarriages of justice in the United Kingdom. The Criminal Cases Review Commission is an independent body that is mandated to investigate suspected miscarriages of justice in the United Kingdom. It is estimated that the commission refers thirty cases every year to the appellate courts and seventy-five percent of these cases succeed. (Austin Sarat, 1998,p. 107 ). The use of eyewitness

Literacy Information Influences Leadership Essay

Literacy Information Influences Leadership - Essay Example Do students ever check the accuracy of information they gather from dictionary.com, or about.com etc? Students simply search websites for information, with no sincere or serious thoughts about its accuracy, usefulness and applicability in their life. Information literacy is not just searching for information and finding them from easier sources, but applying them for professional or educational purposes. Information literacy greatly influences peoples’ scholarship, practice and leadership in any profession. A scholar is one who has knowledge and ability to apply it for a specific purpose. It’s widely believed that websites and e-libraries provide more convenient ways to researchers to access wide range of information, but they are very less likely to be information literate. This is a reason why information becomes obsolete very sooner in today’s; contexts. Information literacy is to be promoted at various educational levels in order to make learners and others i nformation competent. As Turusheva (2009, p. 127) pointed out, information competence occurs when a person is skillful in determining the size of necessary information, using information effectively, evaluating the information and its sources critically, developing own knowledge base, using the information for goal’s achievements and using the information ethically. These criteria aren’t generally found in today’s university learners and researchers and therefore they are less likely to be information literate. As and when they are not information literate, their processional leadership and educational scholarship can never be positively influenced. Turusheva’s (2009, p. 127) study concluded... This essay stresses that information literacy is to be promoted at various educational levels in order to make learners and others information competent. As Turusheva pointed out, information competence occurs when a person is skillful in determining the size of necessary information, using information effectively, evaluating the information and its sources critically, developing own knowledge base, using the information for goal’s achievements and using the information ethically. These criteria aren’t generally found in today’s university learners and researchers and therefore they are less likely to be information literate. As and when they are not information literate, their processional leadership and educational scholarship can never be positively influenced. Information, knowledge and intellectual capital are most valuable and powerful assets. These make people scholars or leaders to be fit for certain workplaces. In order to achieve this goal, information literacy needs to be effectively promoted at educational levels. There are many different suggestions on how to increase the efficiencies of today’s information literacy. This paper makes a conclusion that finding information has never been easier than today, but information never has become obsolete as quickly as it happens today. Universities and other educators require information literacy today more than ever before. This piece of research paper attempted to explain information literacy and how it influences scholarship in education and leadership in professions.

Formal and Informal Testing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Formal and Informal Testing - Research Paper Example Let us discuss some formal and informal assessment techniques in order to know how they can help teachers assess the learning level of their students. Formal Assessment Techniques Weaver (n.d.) states, â€Å"Formal assessments have data which support the conclusions made from the test†. Such assessments provide ways to the teachers to assess their students’ performance using standardized measures. Two of the widely used formal assessment techniques include non-referenced tests and criterion referenced tests. Non-Referenced Tests Using norm-referenced tests, teachers compare performance of each student to a large number of other students. Teachers prepare one test for all students to compare the performance of each student with the performances of other students. Such tests make teachers know which students is the best performer among all other students. Another advantage is increase in the level of motivation for the students. Such tests provide motivation and appreciat ion to the best performer. When a student is told that his/her performance is the best in the class, it increases motivation of the student. Along with advantages, there also exist a couple disadvantages of using non-referenced tests. First one of those disadvantages is that scores do not show actual knowledge of the students, which students of a specific grade level must possess, rather they show the performance in relation to the individual performances of other students. Moreover, the goal of excellence in class performance cannot be achieved because there is no standard criterion set for exams. Teachers measure performances of students against each other instead of a specific criterion, which does not reflect actual learning of the students. Criterion Referenced Tests In these types of tests, performance of the students is compared to a standard criterion set by the teachers instead of comparing with other students. Such tests provide accurate assessment to the teachers. These t ests help teachers know whether there students have acquired the required amount of knowledge or they need to improve their learning skills. The results of such tests reflect actual skills of students instead of reflecting individual edge of students over other students. If a student meets the set criterion, it means that he/she is learning well in the classroom. Some of the concerns regarding use of these tests for assessment include criterion validity and individual rankings. For these tests, a proper criterion needs to be set. Sometimes teachers set improper criterion that does not properly measure what it should actually measure. Moreover, students like to know their individual rankings but in these tests, they cannot know it because their performances are not compared with others. Informal Assessment Techniques In informal assessment, teachers use multiple ways to assess students’ performance. Sawetch (2009) states, â€Å"An informal assessment can compromise of almost any teaching in the classroom that an individual student has to participate in†. Some of the widely used informal assessment techniques include checklists and oral interviews. Let us discuss both of these methods in some detail. Checklists A checklist is a list of skills, knowledge, and other qualities that teacher creates to know whether their students possess those qualities or not. If a student is short of any specific quality, the teacher can work to improve that quality of the student. Checklist method is not a very time consuming one. A teacher can

Literature Review On Inventory Control Management Finance Essay

Literature Review On Inventory Control Management Finance Essay The Assam Tea Corporation is a pioneer in producing high quality tea having its own processing plant with an excellent implication of inventory control. The main aim of this report is to conduct a literature review on the inventory control management and the operations in practice of the Assam Tea corporation processing plant where I was employed. The company has an efficient structure of inventory control and has set a standard for other companies in the same operation in that area .The company produces a high quality tea mostly meant for export in the form of CTC and Orthodox tea. The product of the company is world famous for its high quality taste. They offer state of the art infrastructure in the processing plant with a highly trained employee and efficient way if inventory control. They have various units in the processing plant i.e, starting from the picking up of green leaves which is the major part of raw material.The company has own plantation unit from where the raw material is readily available. Moreover they have tie ups with other local tea gardens to ensure a steady supply of tea leaves.The tea processing unit is a complex mechanical process works under the principle of operation management and inventory control.The function of it is a crucial one which has to deal with seasonal and cyclical fluctuations of demand persisting in the market .The inventory control has to deal with waste management in the unit by finding out the optimum level of demand .The seasonal fluctuations is mainly incorporated with the monsoon season where the production of tea leaves at the peak level.I was assigned with the responsibility of th e assistant manager operations in the processing unit. This report mainly encounters with the various concept of inventory control and its management undertaken by an organisation with stress on inventory and its effective control.It deals with the cost related with the inventory and its profile,Usage of probabilistic estimate of demand and overall role of the inventory control in a tea processing unit .There are various issues how to improvise the situations and improve the competitiveness related to the issues .The method applied to prepare this report with a high concentration on the textbooks and the web-source related to operations management .The information collected through all the experimentations observed and finally resorted to website and standard textbook of operations management. 2.Literature Review 2.1 What is inventory Inventory has a multilevel function in the process unit and the firms used to maintain mainly four level of inventories Raw material-This is the unprocessed form of the item which can be utilisied from varied number of suppliers .This form should be used to find out the superior form by removing the supply variability in quality,quanity or time of delivery. Work-in process(WIP) inventory-This is an intermediary form of inventory when the raw materials undergone a change but not completed. Maintanence/repair /operations(MRO) inventory- 2.2 INVENTORY CONTROL MANAGEMENT In this part of analysis importance should be given when to order and how much to order.The model which are based on independent demand can be divided into three. 1.Basic Economic Order quantity(EOQ) model 2.Production order quantity 3.The quantity discount model Basic Economic Order Quantity model This is the most common form of the inventory control technique .The technique is based upon following assumptions- Production order quantity model The model is applicable under two situations.Firstly,When the order is placed there is continuous flow of inventory.Secondly,the units are produced and sold simultaneously.In the case of Assam Tea Corporation processing unit both these situations are prevalent.In this model daily production rate is determined on the basis of daily rate of demand. It is useful when inventory build up is a continuous process over the time and assumption of traditional Economic Order conditions holds valid.It is the situation where the optimum order size Q* is estimated with an equality in set up cost to holding cost,The production order quantity model: Q=Number of pieces per order H=Holding cost per unit per year P=Daily production rate d=Daily demand rate or usage rate t=Length of the production run in days The final expression for optimal level of inventory Q* is- Probabilistic model with constant lead time Probailistic model with constant leadtime is highly relevant.In the presence of uncertain demand ,the management of the company faces challenges to maintain adequate service level.The service level can be complimented by the probability of a stock out isà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦To reduce stock out the company can hold inventory as safety stock. Whereas if Reorder point=ROP=dxL With the addition of safety stock,the expression becomes=ROP=dxL+SS However annual stock out costs=The sum of the unit shortxthe probabilityxThe stock out cost per unitxthe number of orders per year 2.2 COST OF INVENTORY In case inventory control analysis there are various costs involved in the overall process.The cost of inventory is calculated in the form of unit values.However major segment of the inventory cost can be discussed as follows- THE CARRYING COST OF INVENTORY In this segment of costs of carrying items of inventories are included.This is the cost of running a warehouse,cost that are incurred on handling and counting,costs involved in special storage ,damage and lost,insurance,tax and wornout costs. THE ORDERING OR SET UP COST This is the cost which is associated with placing an order and replenishment.This cost includes all the form of orders,establishment cost needed to ensure it,inspection and receiving cost,handling the vendor invoice and the cost necessary to meet unexpected situation. This may be a cost of skilled mechanic charged as per his technical specification.There are various arguments whether the cost of the skilled mechanic is a fixed cost .But Kaplan (1988),all the costs involved in the long term is virtually variable cost where in that period a person can be fired,a plant can come to shutdown. INSUFFICIENT CAPACITY COST The cost involved here is meant to avoid the stockout cost.In the case of production process ,it is the emergency cost needed for emergency replacement of the production equipment to enhance the output level,cost involved to speed up the process,rescheduling and assigned work in split up version. SYSTEM CONTROL COSTS This is the type of cost appeared in the operation process as per selection of decision system.This includes acquisition,storage,maintanence and computation of the data.The treaining instituted by the organization and employee verification is also falls in the category costs. In Assam Tea Corporation ,there are a number of costs involved in different level of operation processes .The green leaves are initially plucked from the plantation unit and allowed to undergo different processes like picking ,wilting ,bruishing ,oxidation/fermentation ,firing,yellowing,shaping,drying and curing to get the final product. In the processing unit ,one of the major cost incurred by the company is warehousing the tea product as well as the green leaves.If the fresh leaves are not stored properly there is a greater possibility of being dried up and becomes waste.The insurance cover and tax are also one of the component. The cost of placing an order is one of the significant part of the processing unit.There is an inspection unit in the company which takes account of quality control in the unit.There is the cost of technicians expertise in that specific line During the peak season as the production process is a complex mechanical one.During the peak season ,especially during monsoon,there is always extra cost of utilizing extra-capacity,expediate the process.In that situation temporary workers are employed on the basis of shift duty with overtime bonus has to be paid. The company has to bear the cost on information system and its maintanence as it uses a data warehousing software.With the present environment of rapid change in the technology the company has to provide training for skill enhancement training to its manpower.This has been done with Tocklai Tea Research Centre,one of the leading Tea research institute .The training cost and performance analysis cost is formed as one of the cost. KEY VARIABLES IN INVENTORY MANAGEMENT 1.REPLENISHMENT LEAD TIME It is the time between placing an order and to meet the final demand of the customer physically. 2.REORDER POINT It is the point of the inventory level where the replenishment of stocked item takes place. Where ROP=dxL where d is the demand per day,L is the leadtime for a new order in days 3.SAFETY STOCK A buffer stock to meet up an uneven demand. OPERATION PROCESS UNIT OF TEA The Assam Tea Corporation has its processing unit for production of CTC() and Orthodox tea in the form of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.which account for almost 80% of the main production whereas the other form of teas are produced at paltry 20%. The tea processing begins with flushing of tea from Camellia Sinensis(Botanical name of tea) and after that it is dried for brewing of tea,oxidization of leaves and ,stopping oxidization ,drying of leaves ,and oxidation has a main part to bring the final flavor of tea. The company produces variety of tea through different processes which can be visualised with the aid of flow-chart diagram. The process itself starts from the left hand side of the flow chart with the operation of stocking into raw material or fresh green leaves.The processing unit of the Assam Tea Corporation is highly engaged in production of black tea and green tea which constitutes 80% of the output whereas other constitutes 20% of the total production. For obtaining a black tea(the red coloured flow chart) as the final product it can be seen in the diagram that after getting the fresh leaves the process undergoes with indoor witting,the CTC with full oxidation rolled to the drying unit done through desiccation and finally drying at optimum temperature,the black tea can be obtained. While for green teaTthe green coloured flow chart) after steaming and panning it is rolled to get the desirable form and finally dried to get green tea.The whole system of operation can be divided into following important parts- 1.Picking A terminal bud and two leaves are plucked from Camelia Sinensis. 2.Wilting With an oxidation done in the presence of enzyme ,the tea leaves are wilted to remove the excess water from leaves. 3.Brushing To expediate oxidation ,the tea leaves are let to fall in buckets and rolled over by wheels. 4.Oxidation/Fermentation The major operation of oxidation was to break down the the chlorophil and relax the tannin,as the leaves are kept in a climate control room. 5.Kill green/Firing To stop the oxidation at desired level and restore the flavor this step is done. 6.Yellowing It is done in a close container after firing to obtain beverage of yellow tea. 7.Shaping After yellowing it is rolled into stripe wrinkles 8.Drying This is done to get the ultimate product or tea for sale. PROBLEMS RELATED WITH INVENTORY CONTROL IN TEA PROCESSING UNIT In the tea business it is the monsoon which has a direct effect on the production of the green tea leaves which is the main raw material for the processing .In case ,there is good rainfall the yield of the leaves goes up and supply becomes steady.In that season the production unit of the tea garden is at greater stress with low lead time which means shorter time gap in the production system to wait,move,que and set-up and run time for each component produced.On the contrary,if there is low rainfall,the production of green leaves drops and lead time is more as the supply flow is less. However ,risk factor is present during the time of high production ,the tea leaves needs extra care so that it should not expose to moisture and in that case extra manpower is needed on shift duty basis to expedite the process.In the Assam Tea Corporation processing unit ,the production and sales takes place within a day.In this situation production order quabtity model is relevant as the firm is receiving its raw material over a period of time within a day which directly comes from the plucking unit.An optimum level of Q* is calculated to control the inventory. Recommendations In the view of the above discussion an optimum level of inventory can be obtained by reducing the waste in the following steps. 1.Inventory Planning An ideal inventory planning can take place with the arrival of new one immediately after the last unit sold/dispatched. 2.Establish order cycles In case of business with seasonal cycles it is important to establish a relationship of demand between sellers and suppliers. 3.Balance Inventory level Inventory level should be balanced looking into the matters related to market and budget. 4.Review Stocks The stocks should be reviewed as the obsolete one is equivalent to a dead capital. 5.Follow up of stocks The management should take the key decision about disposal,replacement and discontinuance of different inventory base. INVENTORY PLANNING DECISION IN TABULAR FORMAT COST AND OTHER IMPORTANT FACTORS SERVICE REQUIREMENT CUSTOMER ORDERING CHARACTERISTICS In this category ,the most important part is customer expectations and competitive practices,time management and influence on customer. Order characteristics include order timing and size,information about large orders on the basis of standing orders. In the tea processing unit ,the customer always is in prompt mode as the order has to reach the market and meet the price fluctuation in the auction market. DEMAND PATTERNS SUPPLY SITUATION Demand pattern is always governed by variability and seasonality.Another important part is presence of substitutes and ability to forecast. The green tea leaves as an inventory effected by variability of the weather condition and effected by rainfall which determines yield of the tea leaves and it is the three quarter of the month the supply is streamlined and one quarter is without any production.The presence of substitute is low and as there is high fluctuation in the market forecasting is not an easy task. This a challenging part as to narrow down the lead time , the processing unit has to avoid any waste .At the same time reliability depends upon the flow of the inventory and at the same flexibility can be ensured with additional work force on call which can also expidiate the process. COST FACTOR NATURE OF THE PRODUCT Again the cost factor is governed by stock out cost which is also a probabilistic measure,there is also cost of carrying and space The nature of the product is perishable and moisture will make it obsolete OTHER ISSUES In the tea processing unit the crucial point is power supply and mechanical efficiency.

Private Property and the Rule of the Middle Class in Aristotle’s Politi

Private Property and the Rule of the Middle Class in Aristotle’s Politics In his discussions of constitutions and cities in Politics, Aristotle makes it very clear that his top priority is to provide people with the opportunity to pursue and achieve the good life. An integral part of this is the stability of the constitution. Although Aristotle explicitly states that a kingship is the best system of rule for any given generation, its lack of stability from one generation to the next disqualifies it from being the best in reality. In his attempts to find a constitution with stability, Aristotle comes to the decision that the middle class would be the ruler of such a constitution. This, he says, will minimize the corruption that can easily take place within the rich or the poor, and will ensure lasting stability. In order to enable the middle class to take a role of power, Aristotle allows them to obtain wealth, and more specifically private property—a huge diversion from the opinion of Aristotle’s mentor, Plato put forth in th e Republic. Towards the beginning of Aristotle’s discussion about the different constitutions, he makes the claim that in certain situations, a kingship is the most virtuous of all types of government. â€Å"There may, however, be a particular sort of society in which absolute kingship ought to be instituted. This is the sort of society in which one family, or person, is of merit so outstanding as to surpass all the other members†¦there should be absolute kingship† (III.17). When Aristotle speaks about â€Å"virtue,† describes a constitution as â€Å"good,† or issues any other form of praise, he is almost always speaking about the ability of the constitution to provide its citizens with t... ...a luxury but a necessity for the stability of the just city, and the pursuit of the good life. Aristotle’s arguments for the rule of the middle class and the existence of private property are very convincing. He successfully shows that a government, which best allows its citizens to live the good life must necessarily be stable. To achieve that stability, those who rule should be chosen because of their ability to maintain control when other classes challenge them, and for their reluctance to corrupt and start ruling for their own self-interest. The middle class was the obvious choice—the poor and rich could never unite to mount an effective challenge. In order for the middle class to have the potential to rule, wealth, luxury, and specifically property must be allowed. Aristotle’s arguments for all of these things are solidly grounded and correct.

BofA Mobile Banking case Essay

Introduction Bank of America (BofA) is the largest bank holding company in the United States, by assets, and the second largest bank by market capitalization. As a global Finance Service Institution, BofA serves clients in more than 150 countries and has a relationship with 99% of the U.S. The bank’s 2008 acquisition of Merrill Lynch made Bank of America the world’s largest wealth manager and a major player in the investment banking industry. BofA launched mobile banking in May 2007. Mobile Banking lets customers easily and securely access balance information, pay bills with optional Bill Pay service, transfer funds, and find nearby ATMs and banking centers through a mobile application on their smartphones, and through mobile web on their phone browser. Douglas, SVP of Mobile Product Development was quoted, â€Å"In less than 3 years we have four million mobile banking customers. That’s an adoption rate almost five to eight times that of our online banking several years ago.† Line-of-business managers are looking for leveraged mobile platforms with functionalities that can meet different needs and the different target groups such as: Merrill Lynch brokerage, mortgages, credit cards, consumer payments, etc†¦ The capabilities of mobile banking through the use of smartphones or mobile web have become popular with today’s bank customers. There are increasing overall growth in mobile banking in the financial services industry. In addition, the transaction cost1 of mobile banking and internet banking is much lower than the traditional channel (e.g. Branch, Call Center, ATMS and IVR). Due to the economic downturn, banks are looking for extend the service channels and aim to increase the profit via tradition core banking service, such as transaction fees. The system automation can reduce the operation cost; increase the transaction turnaround time and accuracy. With the popularity of smartphones and mobile data services, mobile banking can be the booming tools for banking industry profit engine. However, investing in the enhancement of the mobile banking is costly and will directly affecting the bank’s revenue and brand images. The worse scenarios, may encounter customer complain and regulatory comments and punishments. Therefore, the management of BofA have to decide how can they effectively utilize this technology as a new media to make banking services easier, faster and more convenient for customer, at the same time, how can the app can help for BofA marketing the banks new products, service and increase the customer loyalty. In the short run, what do BofA tell the line-of-business managers – should the app increase functionality, build new app or refuses to add complexity to the current app? In the long run, how do BofA position the bank in this fast changing industry? Analysis Mobile banking (app) is not a mandatory product (or say channel) for bank’s customer. It’s just an optional channel, based on the product itself, let’s analysis base on Porter’s 5 forces analysis. 1. New entrants are HIGH. There will not be any new large mass-market players or niche players bursting on the scene, but there will be new independent players like PayPal that will provide some similar functions app in the market. 2. Power of suppliers are from MEDIUM to LOW. The majority of the suppliers of mobile banking should be those technologies partners, technology consultants, outsource software house and marketing partners as alliance in some promotion campaigns. Bank has stronger power than those outsource software house in most situations. 3. Bargaining power of buyers is HIGH. Given the mobile banking is only an optional channel for customer. Customers still have other options to complete their transaction thru the bank and able to say NO to mobile banking. The switching cost of changing the channel is low but the switching cost of BANK may from LOW to MEDIUM. 4. Threat of substitution is HIGH. Currently customers still can utilize other channels to fulfill their needs via Branches, Call Center, ATMS, Internet banking and IVR. 5. Intensity of rivalry is HIGH. Many banks like Well Fargo, Citibank, JP Morgan are working on the mobile banking and each of these app have the same majority functions and include some differentiate functions. BofA Mobile Banking App functionalities To install the app and apply the mobile banking is free. As the mobile banking include 3 major segments of core function: Mobile Website, Text Banking and Mobile App2 . The BofA’s new app include below functions: †¢Check account balances for accounts and facilities lines held with BofA. †¢Pay bills. †¢Transfer funds between BofA accounts. †¢View transaction details for all BofA accounts or facilities lines, including posted, pending and scheduled transactions. BofA Mobile Banking App include the majority functions that customer requires and let’s talk about the Brand of BofA in the following section. The Brand of BofA & Competitors Bank of America ($30.6B) is the most valuable banking brand in the USA. Its brand value has increased by 18% and it has a brand rating of AAA-. Despite concerns of further mortgage-related write-downs, Bank of America was also the #1 most valuable banking brand in the world at 2011. The Designs The Bank and the Mobile Banking App Logo Given the icon of BofA can be shown in the Bank and the mobile banking logo, it can help the customers to connect the mobile banking app to BofA. The color use of the Bank is Red and Blue and the Mobile banking is single using Red only. Red color is a powerful color, symbolizing energy, passion or even danger. It works best for action-oriented products or brands, products associated with speed or power, or dominant or iconic brands. The mobile banking icon didn’t use the Red and Blue color which only using Red to show the passion and commitment of the bank to customer via mobile banking. Bank of America and Mobile Banking Slogans Bank Bank of America. Higher Standards Embracing ingenuity Think what we can do for you Mobile Banking Life is mobile, so is your bank The Slogan of Mobile Banking can directly identify the availability and accessibility of the apps that can provide the mobility banking services everywhere. However, it can’t strongly connect to the Bank’s core Slogans. Recommendations Given the increment of additional functions will slow down the performance of the mobile banking app; it does not recommend incorporating the additional business functions to the current app. From technologies risk and regulatory prospective, it will be too risky if pulling all business applications in one single platform. If on module down, it will totally affect the bank normal day to day operations. In short run, suggest developing new apps for extending the advance mortgages, credit cards service or investments service for different business functions. To leverage different branding to differentiate the different category of services that offered. Apart from leverage different brands3 own by the group, BofA can also cooperate with Smartphone and Telecom Services Providers to ingredient branding to provide the end to end mobile service. Bank customer can encounter discount on purchase latest smartphones, discount on data service plan and possible to issue mobile credit cards by offering promotions. BofA can consider consolidating all apps in one single platform when there are needs in future. In long run, BofA can cooperate with the Telecom Services Providers and sizeable Merchants, to provide addition information for customer when customer arriving the merchants and let them know what kinds of promotions or discounts are offer. This can uplift the service from singling banking service to mobile living yellow pages. This can help to increase the customer loyalty and build strong connections with bank customers. It can also attract more alliance (other merchants) to share the promotion and marketing cost to developing a new banking and living experience. Of cause, it is necessary to maintain the balance of utilizing the mobile banking app, customers segments for marketing promotion events, if over sell which may obtain opposite result. To differentiate BofA from other competitors, it is necessary to ensure the Bank can position the Bank with Stronger Branding and Images extend the services from â€Å"Banking† only to diversify the service to other related informational services in daily life and provide incredible services and experience for customers. This can help the bank to reposition the bank as a full around bank which can fulfill customer day to day activities that require of any payment or transactions. This can help to identify stronger alliance for the long term development. In conclusion, BofA must keep on investing in mobile banking apps, as it is a trend that smartphone or more innovative device (e.g. Google device) will become more popular, bank must utilize these new technologies by re-design the current channels to increase the bank traditional income (e.g. Transaction fees) and other new incomes (e.g. investments service, financial consultation service, etc.) and extend the service with alliance to promoting the daily service tools. This can help the bank to enlarge the customer groups, define new customer groups segments or sub-segments for better marketing and promotion campaigns and maintain the brand in the leading positions. Exhibit 1 Costs per Transaction by different channels The Pricing, when the apps developed to more advance, and able to customize and fully integrate full around service for customer, at that time, BofA can consider of charging customer for service charges after trial. If customers are satisfying with the full around services after the trial, the bank can also extend the income by promotion the comprehensive mobile banking and service apps. Exhibit 2 Mobile website Customers can pay bills whenever they want with optional online Bill Pay. Check balances on checking accounts, savings accounts and credit cards. Transfer funds immediately to any other Bank of America account. Locate banking centers or ATMs, along with maps and directions. Text banking Use text message banking to request information about self-own checking, savings and credit card accounts. Getting the answers you need is simple when it’s received within seconds on your phone. Mobile app Mobile Banking App, designed specifically for iPhone ®, iPad ®, Windows ® Phone, BlackBerry ®, HP ® webOSâ„ ¢ and Androidâ„ ¢ devices. Wherever you are, you’ll have easy access to your Bank of America accounts with their quick and convenient Mobile Banking App Exhibit 3 – BofA’s branding